Quote (slightly modified) giving the main conclusions in Esling (1996, pp.84/85)
“The present analysis demonstrates that ....... the “pharyngeal articulator” is essentially aryepiglottic. It is proposed that the IPA symbols for epiglottal articulations be applied to the basic manners of pharyngeal articulation as outlined in Table 1.
Table 1
IPA Symbol | Proposal Esling | Traditional designation |
---|---|---|
ʔ | Glottal plosive | Glottal plosive |
h | Voiceless glottal fricative | Voiceless glottal fricative |
ʡ | Pharyngeal (aryepiglottic) plosive ("strong" or "massive" glottal stop |
Epiglottal plosive |
ħ | Voiceless pharyngeal (aryepiglottic) fricative | Voiceless pharyngeal fricative |
ʜ | Voiceless pharyngeal fricative with aryepiglottic trilling |
Voiceless epiglottal fricative |
ʕ | Voiced pharyngeal (aryepiglottic) fricative/approximant | Voiced pharyngeal fricative |
ʢ | Voiced pharyngeal fricative/approximant with aryepiglottic trilling |
Voiced epiglottal fricative |
........
There do not appear to be two distinct places of articulation in the pharynx. Rather, a “pharyngeal stop”
and an “epiglottal stop” are one and the same thing. Although the tongue actively retracts into the pharynx,
the epiglottis itself does not appear to be the active articulator; instead, the aryepiglottic folds move up and
forward to meet the base of the epiglottis.
......
The vertical setting of the larynx tends to be raised .... when pharyngeal constriction occurs, but the larynx
as a whole can also be lowered while the aryepiglottic sphincter movement mechanism is narrowed or
closed.
Pharyngeal constriction has traditionally been divided into upper, mid and lower areas of the pharynx....
Following Delattre’s classification, uvulars are taken to represent constriction in the upper pharynx.
In the light of the evidence presented in this paper, constriction in the mid region is more appropriately
taken to refer to retraction of the tongue root and epiglottis and narrowing or closure of the
aryepiglottic sphincter, together with larynx raising.
What has been classified as a constriction in the lower pharynx is better interpreted as tongue retraction
and narrowing or closure of the aryepiglottic sphincter for pharyngealization, together with larynx
lowering.
......”
(end of quote)
Fazit
Esling macht einen interessanten Vorschlag zur Systematisierung der im Rachenraum ablaufenden Artikulationen. Der Vorschlag sollte aber jetzt streng genommen durch Untersuchung möglichst vieler einschlägiger Sprachen überprüft werden.
Trifft der Vorschlag zu, so weist die pharyngeale Artikulationsstelle ähnliche Artikulationsmodi auf wie
“vertrautere” Artikulationsstellen - was man aus der IPA-Tabelle nicht unbedingt vermutet hätte.
Ungewöhnlich würde die Artikulationsstelle dennoch bleiben durch die besondere Rolle der Verknüpfung
mit unterschiedlicher Kehlkopfhöhe.
Bei der obigen Diskussion ging es um die Konsonantenartikulation. Interessant an den hier vorgestellten artikulatorischen Vorgängen ist aber darüberhinaus, daß die Übergänge zum Bereich der Stimmqualität (Phonation) fließend sind.
Ein besonders “drastisches” Beispiel hierzu findet sich in der Demo !Xoo clicks and voice quality:
Voice quality example 6. Strident
!Xoo demo
Aber auch die sog. “tense voice” in der Tonsprache Mpi ist möglicherwiese durch ein gewisses
Maß an aryepiglottischer Vergengung sowie durch angehobenen Kehlkopf gekennzeichnet:
Mpi demo
References
J. Esling (1996). Pharyngeal consonants and the aryepiglottic sphincter. J. Int. Phonetic Association,
26(2), 65-88.
J. Esling. (1999). The IPA categories "pharyngeal" and "epiglottal": Laryngoscopic observations of
pharyngeal articulations and larynx height. Language & Speech, 42(4), 349-372.
John H. Esling, Scott R. Moisik, Allison Benner, Lise Crevier-Buchman (2019). Voice quality: The laryngeal articulator model. Cambridge
See the online resources made available with this book for a large selection of additional audio and film examples:
Book web site
Sofern verfügbar sind die Videobeispiele zu Esling (1999) heruntergeladen worden, und über die folgende Tabelle abrufbar (x = Beispiel vorhanden. Zur Zeit fehlen v.a Beispiele zu der Kategorie Approximant).
IPA Symbol | Esling's designation | lowered larynx | normal larynx | raised larynx |
---|---|---|---|---|
ʔ | Glottal plosive | x | x | x |
h | Voiceless glottal fricative | x | x | |
ʡ | Pharyngeal (aryepiglottic) plosive ("strong" or "massive" glottal stop |
x | x | x |
ħ | Voiceless pharyngeal (aryepiglottic) fricative | x | x | x |
ʜ | Voiceless pharyngeal fricative with aryepiglottic trilling |
x | x | |
ʕ | Voiced pharyngeal (aryepiglottic) fricative/approximant | |||
ʢ | Voiced pharyngeal fricative/approximant with aryepiglottic trilling |
x | x | x |