Fiberscopic film of the velum

The main purpose of this demo is to illustrate the fact that in running speech the position of the velum is not simply restricted to raised (for oral sounds) or lowered (for nasal sounds). Rather, many intermediate positions may occur.
The film consists mainly of simple sound sequences at different speech rates, followed by a series of real German words.
The film was made by inserting a flexible endoscope into the nasal cavity, allowing the upper surface of the soft palate to be viewed. This is the bright moveable structure in the lower part of the picture. The reddish area straight ahead is the rear pharyngeal wall.
To assist orientation in the film the word being spoken shows up as a subtitle.
In addition, the counter at the bottom of the picture shows the running number of the speech item on the left (these numbers are used in the list below), and a second/millisecond counter on the right that runs (roughly) while the item is being spoken.

Credits: Endoscopy performed by Dr. Heidi Schröter-Morasch, Neuropsychologische Abteilung, Krankenhaus München-Bogenhausen

List of the speech items, with comments